Assessment of variations in upper and lower gonial angle in children with mouth breathing habit
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-3259.ijct20243330Keywords:
Mouth breathing habit, Upper gonial angle, Lower gonial angle, Gonial angleAbstract
Background: Mouth breathing is one of the most common deleterious oral habits in children. The habitual position of muscles inside and outside the mouth will affect dental development. Mouth breathing influences skeletal growth and thereby affects the cephalometric parameters. The present study aimed to assess if there is any variation in upper and lower gonial angles in children with mouth breathing habit.
Methods: The 33 patients in the age group of 8 to 12 years reporting to the Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry with chief complaint of mouth breathing was selected for the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Lateral cephalograms of these children were taken with a digital panoramic system under standard exposure factors, as recommended by the manufacturer. Upper and lower gonial angles were determined on the lateral cephalograms. The values obtained were tabulated and subjected to statistical evaluation.
Results: The mean upper and lower gonial angles were seen to increase from the normal in children with mouth breathing habit. However, independent sample t test showed no statistically significant difference in upper and lower gonial angles with a p value of 0.598 in upper gonial angle and 0.714 in lower gonial angle.
Contusions: Early detection of the changes in the upper and lower gonial angles can help a pediatric dentist in effectively framing a treatment plan in children with mouth breathing habit, to prevent further deterioration in the dental and skeletal structures and be able to correct the already occurred unfavourable changes in them.
References
Solow B, Siersbaek-Nielsen SE, Greve E. Airway adequacy, head posture, and craniofacial morphology. Am J Orthod. 1984;86:214-23.
Malhotra S, Pandey RK, Nagar A, Agarwal SP, Gupta VK. The effect of mouth breathing on dentofacial morphology of growing child. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2012;30(1):27-31.
Vig PS, Spalding PM, Lints RR. Sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests for impaired nasal respiration. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1991;99:354-60.
Moss ML, Salentijn L. The primary role of functional matrices in facial growth. Am J Orthod. 1969;55:566-77.
Rubika J, Felicita AS, Sivambiga V. Gonial angle as an indicator for the prediction of growth pattern. World Journal of Dentistry. 2017;6(3):161-3.
Budipramana M, Budhy TI, Ardani IG. Gonial angle characteristics of class iii malocclusion in javanese ethnic. Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clín Integrada. 2021;21.
Anderson S, Alsufyani N, Isaac A, Gazzaz M, El-Hakim H. Correlation between gonial angle and dynamic tongue collapse in children with snoring/sleep disordered breathing–an exploratory pilot study. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;47(1):41.
Lin L, Zhao T, Qin D, Hua F, He H. The impact of mouth breathing on dentofacial development: A concise review. Front Publ Heal. 2022;10:929165.
Jaiswal S, Sayed F, Kulkarni VV, Kulkarni P, Tekale P, Fafat K. Comparative Evaluation of the Relationship Between Airway Inadequacy, Head Posture, and Craniofacial Morphology in Mouth-Breathing and Nasal-Breathing Patients: A Cephalometric Observational Study. Cureus. 2023;15(10):e47435.
Principato JJ. Upper airway obstruction and craniofacial morphology. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991;104(6):881-90.
Bresolin D, Shapiro PA, Shapiro GG, Chapko MK, Dassel S. Mouth breathing in allergic children and its relationship to dentofacial development Am J Orthod. 1983;83:334-40.
Yang K, Zeng X, Yu M. A study on the difference of craniofacial morphology between oral and nasal breathing children. Chin J Stomatol. 2002;37(5):385-7.
Mattar SE, Anselmo-Lima W, Valera F, Matsumoto M. Skeletal and occlusal characteristics in mouth-breathing pre-school children. J Clin Pediatr Dentistr. 2004;28(4):315-8.
Lessa FC, Enoki C, Feres MF, Valera FC, Lima WT, Matsumoto MA. Breathing mode influence in craniofacial development. Revista Brasileira Otorrinolaringol. 2005;71:156-60.
Javidi P, Ostovarrad F, Shekarbaghani SA. Comparative analysis of the gonial angle on panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs. J Dentomaxillofacial Radiol Pathol Surg. 2019;8(1):31-6.
Al-Shamout R, Ammoush M, Alrbata R, Al-Habahbah A. Age and gender differences in gonial angle, ramus height and bigonial width in dentate subjects. Pakistan Oral Dental J. 2012;32(1):10.
Rakosi T. An Atlas and manual of cephalometric radiography. Wolfe Medical Publications Ltd. 1982;47-9.
Budipramana M, Budhy TI, Ardani IGAW. Gonial angle characteristics of class III malocclusion in Javanese ethnic. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clín Integr. 2021;21:e0153.